Getting Interest Rates Right (Is a Job For Markets)

Jon Alternative Media, Banking, Economy, Government

When the central bank meets to decide on the level of interest rates, most people care about only one thing: are my home loan, car, and credit card repayments going up, down, or staying the same? Although this is no trivial concern given the importance of managing a household budget, such a limited view does scant justice to the broad, critical, and complex role interest rates play in an economy.
What Soda Prices Tell Us About Interest Rates The usual narrative is that low rates are good and high rates are bad. But the real problem is not ‘high’ interest rates, but wrong interest rates. You see, interest rates are like prices. Like the price of a soda drink is agreed between seller and buyer, so interest rates are the price of loans agreed between lender and borrower.
Suppose the government forced the price of sodas to half their market level, jailing anyone caught selling them at any price above this new level. What happens? Soda lovers flock to the stores to buy soda. Soda makers, by contrast, take heavy losses and either close down or find some way to make cheap and less tasty soda for half the original cost. The supply of soda plummets, while the quality of good soda free falls.
Paradoxically, setting a price artificially low makes a product easy to buy for a while, but eventually leads to shortages. Interest rates in most modern economies work in a similar way. The central bank forces this price (the interest rate) to a desired level through extensive regulatory control over the banking system, relying on the fact that the money it creates is the only legally permissible money used in trade. When the central bank forces interest rates too low, borrowers think life is great. Houses, cars, and furniture seem cheap and starting a business with a loan is easy. Except that discerning lenders don’t see much point in lending anymore, because they are no longer adequately compensated for their costs and risk. Not only do loans from these lenders dry up, but the quality of remaining loans falls.

This post was published at Ludwig von Mises Institute on DECEMBER 4, 2014.